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Kermes is a red dye derived from the dried bodies of the females of a scale insect in the genus ''Kermes'', primarily ''Kermes vermilio''. The insects live on the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak tree near the Mediterranean region. The English color names crimson and carmine are derived from the word ''kermes'', and many other languages have a word for "red" that is derived from ''kermes'' due to the widespread use of this dye in medieval times and the rich red color that it yields.〔Barber (1991), p. 231〕〔Munro, John H. "Medieval Woollens: Textiles, Technology, and Organisation". In Jenkins (2003), pp. 214–215.〕〔Goodwin (1982), p. 56〕 Early historians in the Middle East sometimes confused kermes with the similarly-named red dye ''kirmiz'' of Persia that was derived from the ''Porphyrophora hamelii'' ("Armenian cochineal") insect.〔 English translation by Caroline Higgitt of Cardon's French-language book ''Le monde des teintures naturelles'' (Éditions Belin, Paris, 2003).〕 Kermes dye is of ancient origin; jars of kermes have been found in a Neolithic cave-burial at Adaouste, northeast of Aix-en-Provence.〔Barber (1991), pp. 230–231〕 In the Middle Ages, rich crimson and scarlet silks dyed with kermes in the new silk-weaving centers of Italy and Sicily exceeded the legendary Tyrian purple "in status and desirability".〔Schoeser (2007), p. 118〕 The dyestuff was called "grain" in all Western European languages because the desiccated eggs resembled fine grains of wheat or sand,〔 and textiles dyed with kermes were described as ''dyed in the grain''.〔 Woollens were frequently dyed blue with woad before spinning and weaving, and then piece-dyed in kermes, producing a wide range colors from blacks and grays through browns, murreys, purples, and sanguines.〔 By the 14th and early 15th century, brilliant ''full grain'' pure kermes scarlet was "by far the most esteemed, most regal" color for luxury woollen textiles in the Low Countries, England, France, Spain and Italy.〔Munro, John H. "The Anti-Red Shift – To the Dark Side: Colour Changes in Flemish Luxury Woollens, 1300–1500". In Netherton & Owens-Crocker (2007), pp. 56–57.〕 Following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, Mexican cochineal, which produced a stronger dye and could thus be used in smaller quantities, replaced kermes dyes in general use in Europe.〔Schoeser (2007), pp. 121, 248〕〔Barber (1982), p. 55.〕 ==See also== * Alchermes * Coccus (insect) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kermes (dye)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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